-- >From gordon.goldberg@buckingham.ac.uk Wed Dec 01 11:28:45 1999 Received: from gateway.buckingham.ac.uk ([194.83.163.1]) by bagpuss.oucs.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.12 #1) id 11t7wD-0006tJ-00 for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Wed, 1 Dec 1999 11:28:45 +0000 Received: from stf-law009 ([194.66.205.169]) by gateway.buckingham.ac.uk (8.8.5/8.8.5) with SMTP id LAA06304; Wed, 1 Dec 1999 11:32:01 GMT Message-ID: <001301bf3bee$70bd1b80$a9cd42c2@stf-law009.buckingham.ac.uk> From: "Gordon Goldberg" To: "David MacDonald" , Subject: Lord Archer Cause of Action: A reply to the response of David MacDonald. Date: Wed, 1 Dec 1999 11:23:06 -0000 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0010_01BF3BEE.708DCE20" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 4.72.3612.1700 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V4.72.3612.1700 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0010_01BF3BEE.708DCE20 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Thank you for the correction and the support. Regarding the former, I = should be grateful for further help. Since I have systematically studied = neither Roman nor Scots Law and frankly admit that I am out of my depth, = I trust that my floundering will be viewed with pity, rather than = contempt. In Shilliday v. Smith 1998 S.C. 725 the Lord President (Rodger) = at 729 quoted from Stair's Institutions I vii 7: "The duty of restitution extendeth to those things, quae cadunt in = non causam, which coming warrantably to our hands, and without any = paction of restitution, yet if the cause cease by which they become = ours, there superveneth the obligation of restitution of them. Whence = are the condictions in law, sine causa, and causa data causa non secuta, = which have this natural ground, and of which there are innumerable = instances, as all things that become in the possession of either party = in contemplation of marriage, the marriage, which is the cause, failing = to be accomplished, the interest of either party ceaseth, and either = must restore." At 730 his Lordship continued: "The passage concerns two situations. The first (described by Stair = as sine causa) is where property comes into someone's hands on a = particular basis which ceases to exist. The second (described as 'causa = data causa non secuta' ) is where property comes into the person's = hands on the basis of some future event which fails to materialise. In = either case the property must be restored. The important thing to notice = is that in both cases the duty to restore is said to be based not on = agreement (paction), but on a natural ground, ie, it is a duty imposed = by law. This is a useful reminder that, even if in Cantiere San Rocco v. = Clyde Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. 1923 S.L.T. 624 the House of Lords = included certain situations relating to the non-performance of a = contract under the heading of the condictio causa data, the basis of = liability to reverse unjust enrichment is not contractual but rests on = this separate duty imposed by law." My first difficulty is that, whereas I understand you to say the = condictio causa data applies where the purpose which fails is outwith = contract, my understanding of both Viscount Stair and Lord President = Rodger is simply that, whether or not the purpose which fails is within, = the liability which warrants repetition is outwith, contract. I believe = there is support for my interpretation of these authorities in all the = speeches in Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., = not least per Lord Dunedin at 630(2): "It follows ... that if there is anything well settled in the law of = Scotland it is that one of the forms of the action of repetition is = condictio causa data causa non secuta. I forbear to criticise the = Latinity, as the meaning is plain enough. But it is equally plain that = this doctrine is applied to contracts, as well as to prestations which = have their origin in donation and not in contract." Thus, save as appears in the next paragraph, I cannot see where I have = previously contradicted any of the above quotations. I admit that I was not previously aware of Shilliday v. Smith. I = readily concede that, in the second sentence of my quotation from 1998 = S.C. at 730, Lord President Rodger supports your correction. However, my = next problem is in discovering the foundation of his Lordship's = definition of "sine causa". The example given by Viscount Stair is not = of a basis ceasing to exist: there never was a marriage. Yet, = apparently, this is an example of sine causa. For, according to Buckland = & Mcnair Roman Law and Common Law (2nd edn by Lawson, Cambridge 1952) = p.224 (citing D.12.7.5): "If I pay you money to constitute a wife's dos in a forthcoming = marriage and the marriage does not take place, I can recover the money = (condictio sine causa)." I can find no mention of this condiction in Erskine's Principles (21st = edn by Rankine, Edinburgh 1911) nor in Gloag & Henderson's Introduction = (whether the 4th edn by Gibb & Walker, Edinburgh 1946, or the 9th edn by = Wilkinson & Wilson, Edinburgh 1987). I can find no help in The Laws of = Scotland - Stair Memorial Encyclop=E6dia. In vol.15 (Edinburgh, 1996) = =B615 thereof, we are told no more than: "[t]he condictio sine causa can be treated as subsumed in the = condictio indebiti ..."; and you and I are agreed that the condictio indebiti is irrelevant. Its = irrelevance seems to be confirmed by the extracts quoted ibid. =B616 = from Lord President Hope's opinion in Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of N.Y. = v. Lothian Regional Council 1995 S.C. 151 at 155H and 165E. Until your correction, I thought I had two grounds for relying = on causa data causa non secuta. First, in Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde = Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., at 632(2), Lord Shaw of Dunfermline = said: "It is ... admitted ... that consideration has entirely failed. = Therefore this ... would be a typical case of restitution under the = Roman Law and one for the application of the maxim causa data causa non = secuta." On my analysis, if Lord Archer's judgment against "The Daily Star" were = to be set aside, there would be a failure of the consideration for the = paper's payment to him. Secondly, Lewis & Short A Latin Dictionary = (Oxford, 1897) gives "attend" as one meaning of "sequor". If the cause = attributed to the payment was the entry of judgment then, after the = setting aside of the judgment, cause will not have attended the payment = any further; and restitution ought to follow. My third embarrassment is = my inability to perceive that these grounds are sand, not rock. ------=_NextPart_000_0010_01BF3BEE.708DCE20 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Thank you for the correction and the support. = Regarding the=20 former, I should be grateful for further help. Since I have = systematically=20 studied neither Roman nor Scots Law and frankly admit that I am out of = my depth,=20 I trust that my floundering will be viewed with pity, rather than=20 contempt.
        In = Shilliday=20 v. Smith 1998 S.C. 725 the Lord President (Rodger) at 729 = quoted=20 from Stair's = Institutions I vii=20 7:
    "The duty of = restitution=20 extendeth to those things, quae cadunt in non causam, which = coming=20 warrantably to our hands, and without any paction of restitution, yet if = the=20 cause cease by which they become ours, there superveneth the obligation = of=20 restitution of them. Whence are the condictions in law, sine = causa, and=20 causa data causa non secuta, which have this natural ground, and = of which=20 there are innumerable instances, as all things that become in the = possession of=20 either party in contemplation of marriage, the marriage, which is the = cause,=20 failing to be accomplished, the interest of either party ceaseth, and = either=20 must restore."
At 730 his Lordship = continued:
    = "The passage concerns two situations. The first (described = by Stair as=20 sine causa)  is where property comes into someone's hands on = a=20 particular basis which ceases to exist. The second  (described as = 'causa=20 data causa non secuta'  ) is where property comes into the = person's=20 hands on the basis of some future event which fails to materialise. In = either=20 case the property must be restored. The important thing to notice is = that in=20 both cases the duty to restore is said to be based not on agreement = (paction),=20 but on a natural ground, ie, it is a duty imposed by law. This = is a=20 useful reminder that, even if in Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde=20 Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. 1923 S.L.T. 624 the House of = Lords=20 included certain situations relating to the non-performance of a = contract under=20 the heading of the condictio causa data, the basis of = liability=20 to reverse unjust enrichment is not contractual but rests on this = separate duty=20 imposed by law."
        My first difficulty = is that,=20 whereas I understand you to say the condictio causa data = applies=20 where the purpose which fails is outwith contract, my understanding of = both=20 Viscount Stair and Lord President Rodger is simply that, whether or not = the=20 purpose which fails is within, the liability which warrants repetition = is=20 outwith, contract. I believe there is support for my interpretation of = these=20 authorities in all the speeches in Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde = Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., not least per Lord = Dunedin at=20 630(2):
    "It = follows ...=20 that if there is anything well settled in the law of Scotland it is that = one of=20 the forms of the action of repetition is condictio causa data = causa non=20 secuta. I forbear to criticise the Latinity, as the meaning is = plain=20 enough. But it is equally plain that this doctrine is applied to = contracts, as=20 well as to prestations which have their origin in donation and not in=20 contract."
Thus, save as appears in the next paragraph, I cannot see where = I have=20 previously contradicted any of the above quotations.
        I admit that I was = not=20 previously aware of Shilliday v. Smith. I readily = concede=20 that, in the second sentence of my quotation from 1998 S.C. at 730, Lord = President Rodger supports your correction. However, my next=20 problem is in discovering the foundation of his Lordship's definition of = "sine causa". The example given by Viscount Stair is = not of a=20 basis ceasing to exist: there never was a marriage. Yet, apparently, = this is an=20 example of sine causa. For, according to Buckland & Mcnair = Roman=20 Law and Common Law (2nd edn by Lawson, Cambridge 1952) p.224 = (citing=20 D.12.7.5):
    "If I pay you money to constitute a wife's dos in = a=20 forthcoming marriage and the marriage does not take place, I can recover = the=20 money (condictio sine causa)."
I can find no mention of this condiction in = Erskine's=20 Principles (21st edn by Rankine, Edinburgh 1911) nor in  = Gloag=20 & Henderson's Introduction (whether the 4th edn by Gibb & = Walker,=20 Edinburgh 1946, or the 9th edn by Wilkinson & Wilson, Edinburgh = 1987). I can=20 find no help in The Laws of Scotland - Stair Memorial=20 Encyclopædia. In vol.15 (Edinburgh, 1996) ¶15 thereof, = we are=20 told no more than:
    "[t]he condictio sine causa can be treated as = subsumed in=20 the condictio indebiti ...";
and you=20 and I are agreed that the condictio indebiti is irrelevant. Its = irrelevance seems to be confirmed by the extracts quoted ibid. = ¶16=20 from Lord President Hope's opinion in Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of = N.Y.=20 v. Lothian Regional Council 1995 S.C. 151 at 155H and=20 165E.
        Until your = correction, I=20 thought I had two grounds for relying on causa data causa non secuta. = First, in Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde Shipbuilding &=20 Engineering Co., at 632(2),  Lord Shaw of Dunfermline=20 said:
    "It is = ... admitted=20 ... that consideration has entirely failed. Therefore this ... would be = a=20 typical case of restitution under the Roman Law and one for the = application of=20 the maxim causa data causa non secuta."
On my analysis, if Lord Archer's judgment against = "The=20 Daily Star" were to be set aside, there would be a failure of the=20 consideration for the paper's payment to him. Secondly, Lewis & Short A Latin = Dictionary=20 (Oxford, 1897) gives "attend" as one meaning of=20 "sequor". If the cause attributed to the = payment was=20 the entry of judgment then, after the setting aside of the judgment, = cause will=20 not have attended the payment any further; and restitution ought to = follow. My=20 third embarrassment is my inability to perceive that these grounds are = sand, not=20 rock.
------=_NextPart_000_0010_01BF3BEE.708DCE20-- >From s.waddams@utoronto.ca Wed Dec 01 13:07:53 1999 Received: from bureau6.utcc.utoronto.ca ([128.100.132.16]) by bagpuss.oucs.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.12 #1) id 11t9U9-0007Z6-00 for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Wed, 1 Dec 1999 13:07:53 +0000 Received: from sxw.law.utoronto.ca ([128.100.206.194] HELO sxw ident: NO-IDENT-SERVICE [port 1031]) by bureau6.utcc.utoronto.ca with SMTP id <464292-19641>; Wed, 1 Dec 1999 08:06:06 -0500 Message-Id: <2.2.16.19991201080600.3f9f2cb2@mailbox87.utcc.utoronto.ca> X-Sender: s.waddams@mailbox87.utcc.utoronto.ca X-Mailer: Windows Eudora Pro Version 2.2 (16) Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" To: restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk From: Stephen Waddams Subject: Date: Wed, 1 Dec 1999 08:06:00 -0500 restitution who? >From david_mcgill19@hotmail.com Wed Dec 01 13:15:22 1999 Received: from law-f161.hotmail.com ([209.185.131.224] helo=hotmail.com) by bagpuss.oucs.ox.ac.uk with smtp (Exim 2.12 #1) id 11t9bN-0007bv-00 for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Wed, 1 Dec 1999 13:15:21 +0000 Received: (qmail 18259 invoked by uid 0); 1 Dec 1999 13:13:15 -0000 Message-ID: <19991201131315.18258.qmail@hotmail.com> Received: from 139.133.7.20 by www.hotmail.com with HTTP; Wed, 01 Dec 1999 05:13:15 PST X-Originating-IP: [139.133.7.20] From: "David MacDonald" To: restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk Subject: Re: Lord Archer Cause of Action: A reply to the response of David MacDonald. Date: Wed, 01 Dec 1999 13:13:15 GMT Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed >From: "Gordon Goldberg" >To: "David MacDonald" , > >Subject: Lord Archer Cause of Action: A reply to the response of David >MacDonald. >Date: Wed, 1 Dec 1999 11:23:06 -0000 > >Thank you for the correction and the support. Regarding the former, I >should be grateful for further help. Since I have systematically studied >neither Roman nor Scots Law and frankly admit that I am out of my depth, I >trust that my floundering will be viewed with pity, rather than contempt. > In Shilliday v. Smith 1998 S.C. 725 the Lord President (Rodger) at >729 quoted from Stair's Institutions I vii 7: > "The duty of restitution extendeth to those things, quae cadunt in non >causam, which coming warrantably to our hands, and without any paction of >restitution, yet if the cause cease by which they become ours, there >superveneth the obligation of restitution of them. Whence are the >condictions in law, sine causa, and causa data causa non secuta, which have >this natural ground, and of which there are innumerable instances, as all >things that become in the possession of either party in contemplation of >marriage, the marriage, which is the cause, failing to be accomplished, the >interest of either party ceaseth, and either must restore." >At 730 his Lordship continued: > "The passage concerns two situations. The first (described by Stair as >sine causa) is where property comes into someone's hands on a particular >basis which ceases to exist. The second (described as 'causa data causa >non secuta' ) is where property comes into the person's hands on the basis >of some future event which fails to materialise. In either case the >property must be restored. The important thing to notice is that in both >cases the duty to restore is said to be based not on agreement (paction), >but on a natural ground, ie, it is a duty imposed by law. This is a useful >reminder that, even if in Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde Shipbuilding & >Engineering Co. 1923 S.L.T. 624 the House of Lords included certain >situations relating to the non-performance of a contract under the heading >of the condictio causa data, the basis of liability to reverse unjust >enrichment is not contractual but rests on this separate duty imposed by >law." > My first difficulty is that, whereas I understand you to say the >condictio causa data applies where the purpose which fails is outwith >contract, my understanding of both Viscount Stair and Lord President Rodger >is simply that, whether or not the purpose which fails is within, the >liability which warrants repetition is outwith, contract. I believe there >is support for my interpretation of these authorities in all the speeches >in Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., not least >per Lord Dunedin at 630(2): > "It follows ... that if there is anything well settled in the law of >Scotland it is that one of the forms of the action of repetition is >condictio causa data causa non secuta. I forbear to criticise the Latinity, >as the meaning is plain enough. But it is equally plain that this doctrine >is applied to contracts, as well as to prestations which have their origin >in donation and not in contract." >Thus, save as appears in the next paragraph, I cannot see where I have >previously contradicted any of the above quotations. > I admit that I was not previously aware of Shilliday v. Smith. I >readily concede that, in the second sentence of my quotation from 1998 S.C. >at 730, Lord President Rodger supports your correction. However, my next >problem is in discovering the foundation of his Lordship's definition of >"sine causa". The example given by Viscount Stair is not of a basis ceasing >to exist: there never was a marriage. Yet, apparently, this is an example >of sine causa. For, according to Buckland & Mcnair Roman Law and Common Law >(2nd edn by Lawson, Cambridge 1952) p.224 (citing D.12.7.5): > "If I pay you money to constitute a wife's dos in a forthcoming >marriage and the marriage does not take place, I can recover the money >(condictio sine causa)." >I can find no mention of this condiction in Erskine's Principles (21st edn >by Rankine, Edinburgh 1911) nor in Gloag & Henderson's Introduction >(whether the 4th edn by Gibb & Walker, Edinburgh 1946, or the 9th edn by >Wilkinson & Wilson, Edinburgh 1987). I can find no help in The Laws of >Scotland - Stair Memorial Encyclopędia. In vol.15 (Edinburgh, 1996) ¶15 >thereof, we are told no more than: > "[t]he condictio sine causa can be treated as subsumed in the >condictio indebiti ..."; >and you and I are agreed that the condictio indebiti is irrelevant. Its >irrelevance seems to be confirmed by the extracts quoted ibid. ¶16 from >Lord President Hope's opinion in Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of N.Y. v. >Lothian Regional Council 1995 S.C. 151 at 155H and 165E. > Until your correction, I thought I had two grounds for relying on >causa data causa non secuta. First, in Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde >Shipbuilding & Engineering Co., at 632(2), Lord Shaw of Dunfermline said: > "It is ... admitted ... that consideration has entirely failed. >Therefore this ... would be a typical case of restitution under the Roman >Law and one for the application of the maxim causa data causa non secuta." >On my analysis, if Lord Archer's judgment against "The Daily Star" were to >be set aside, there would be a failure of the consideration for the paper's >payment to him. Secondly, Lewis & Short A Latin Dictionary (Oxford, 1897) >gives "attend" as one meaning of "sequor". If the cause attributed to the >payment was the entry of judgment then, after the setting aside of the >judgment, cause will not have attended the payment any further; and >restitution ought to follow. My third embarrassment is my inability to >perceive that these grounds are sand, not rock. Thank you for your reply, and your misunderstanding is indeed not surprising because it is one shared by many. Scots law is in a period of academic and judicial rationalisation, and the condictio causa data, causa non secuta is a part of that ongoing debate. As far as the authority of Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. 1923 S.L.T. 624, i would say that the case is seriously doubted by modern academics, not only in its decision, but in its exposition of the condictio causa data causa non secuta. The debate is too lengthly and problematic to discuss here, but i would refer you to two excellent articles by Professor R. Evans-Jones: Unjustified Enrichment, Contract, and The Third Reception of Roman Law in Scotland. 1993 LQR, and also Roman Law in Scotland and England: Developing one law of Britain 1999 LQR. Secondly you said. "My first difficulty is that, whereas I understand you to say the condictio causa data applies where the purpose which fails is outwith contract, my understanding of both Viscount Stair and Lord President Rodger is simply that, whether or not the purpose which fails is within, the liability which warrants repetition is outwith, contract" This is in fact an understandable interpretation, but it was not a point that was really of concern to the Lord President in Shillday v Smith. Again, the analysis of the problem is complex, but certainly it would seem that although the liability that warrants repeition is within contract, it has persuasively been argued that the ground of repetition is not the unjustified enrichment remedy of causa data causa non secuta.(See an article by R. Evans-Jones, The Dark Side of Connelly v Simpson. 1994(?) JR). This will be seen from the articles above which i have referred you to. Let me try and expose the problems with an example, which i find always to be of help. Let's say i contract with you a director of a company to buy some shares at a value of £1000 which will be delivered at a postponed date. Let's imagine that first the director does not in fact deliver the shares, and that secondly the company becomes insolvent. The shares are now worth £10. If i sue for damages for the directors material breach i can only recover to the extent of my loss, the £10, but in fact i have in anticipation of the contract being performed paid £1000 to the director. So, by what mechanism is the money to be repaid? The liability in repetition to repay is not the condictio causa data causa non secuta, that is clear from Shilliday v Smih, and also a case worth noting, Connelly v Simpson 1994 S.L.T. 1096. The answer most probably is that repetition should simply be seen as a remedy within contract to recover pre-payments in cases of material breach. It is functionally better that the law of contract resolves these matters for itself. Scots law in this area is in need of further clarification by the courts, and i feel i can do little more to help you in this regard. Concededly there is House of Lords authority in Cantiere San Rocco, to the effect that pre-payments are recoverable by condictio causa data causa non secuta where the contract has been frustrated by supervening impossibility. If you read closely the passage from the Lord President in Shilliday v Smith - "this is a useful reminder that, even if in Cantiere San Rocco v. Clyde Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. 1923 S.L.T. 624 the House of Lords included certain situations relating to the non-performance of a contract under the heading of the condictio causa data" - i think you will agree that what Lord Rodger is doing is having a subtle sideswipe at the decision, and carefully iterating the point that the condictio causa data causa non secuta only applies to situations outwith contract. Therefore, in Shilliday v Smith, it was services and property given in contemplation of marriage. The second of your confusions in relation to the meaning and scope of sine causa is not unsurprising. This is because its potential in scots law has not been realised, and its scope and applicability have yet to be coherently delineated. Part of your confusion is because Stair in the passage which you quote, and which appears in the opinion of the Lord President in Shilliday, is rather too loose with the way in which he presenta causa data, and sine causa. The two are unified by the notion that where the "cause cease by which they become ours" they must be restored. The difference between causa data and sine cause is actually pedantic in this context. Causa data is simply the genus of "cause" relating to to future events. Thus the definition of causa data as recovery of benefit for a future purpose which fails. Sine causa does not apply in this context because the cause for which the benefit confers is not undone by the failure of some future purpose to materialise, but by some other factor, say the mistake of the transferor, but where nonetheless, the "cause" or basis of the transfer does not in fact exist. If the distinction is not clear it is because in truth it is one that Scots law has yet to expose at all. Sine causa generally has an elusive and poorly defined status in Scots Law, but i think if you look at the 10th ed of Gloag and Hendersons, Introduction to the Laws of Scotland, you will find some assistance. It would seem that sine cause is simply a residual category which embraces situations where the condictio indebit does not apply perhaps because the transfer of the enrichment was not one legally due. If all of this has been puzzling it is because a lot of work is being done by academics and the courts to rationalise Scots Law in this area. I hope i have been of some help. ______________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com >From s.evans@law.unimelb.edu.au Thu Dec 02 01:52:07 1999 Received: from smtp1.unimelb.edu.au ([128.250.20.111] helo=aquila.its.unimelb.EDU.AU) by bagpuss.oucs.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.12 #1) id 11tLPi-0002qH-00 for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Thu, 2 Dec 1999 01:52:07 +0000 Received: from law.unimelb.edu.au (its-dialin2asy38.its.unimelb.edu.au [128.250.138.166]) by SMTP.UNIMELB.EDU.AU (PMDF V5.2-29 #40202) with ESMTP id <01JJ0Z1XP9PG95OG1F@SMTP.UNIMELB.EDU.AU> for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Thu, 2 Dec 1999 12:50:29 +1100 Date: Thu, 02 Dec 1999 10:40:53 +1100 From: Simon Evans Subject: Archer and rights without correlative remedies To: restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk Message-id: <3845B205.C0BD9A86@law.unimelb.edu.au> MIME-version: 1.0 X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.7 [en] (Win95; I) Content-type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit X-Accept-Language: en References: <3.0.6.32.19991122171655.0079d100@law-mail.kcl.ac.uk> Last week, Charles Mitchell asked: > Is it meaningful to speak of a party having a right without a correlative > remedy? and went on to discuss some possible examples. The question is an old one, and to my mind turns largely on what meaning is attributed to the terms used in stating it. A similar question was considered (in a very different context) by Gummow and Kirby JJ in the High Court of Australia in Commonwealth v Mewett (1997) 146 ALR 299 http://www.austlii.edu.au/do/disp.pl/au/cases/cth/high_ct/unrep328.html. Their answer was: "Where a debtor makes a payment to the creditor without directing that it be paid in reduction of a particular debt, the right of appropriation which thereby devolves upon the creditor may be exercised by application to payment of the time-barred debt rather than to another debt which is still enforceable. A possessory lien may be exercised in respect of a statute-barred debt. Further, where the debtor approaches the court for equitable relief in aid of other rights against the creditor, the debtor will be required to do equity. Thus, a mortgagor seeking equitable relief in a redemption action is obliged to do equity by paying to the mortgagee all arrears of interest from the date of the mortgage, not merely that interest due and owing for less than six years. These latter considerations may not bear upon the facts of the particular case [being considered by the HCA], being but illustrations of the proposition that the existence of direct curial remedy is not co-extensive with the juridical existence of the right." Returning, then, to the general debate in re Archer, it does not seem at all surprising to me that D could have the right to have a judgment against it set aside without acquiring the right then to have P repay the proceeds of the judgment that P had received. A legal system could make that choice on the basis of the policy considerations that it found compelling (for example, it may regard the symbolic act of setting the judgment aside as sufficient civil vindication and may provide only criminal sanctions where P obtained the judgment by fraud). And, with respect to all those who think otherwise, I do not see that debating the matter in terms of the abstractions of the law of restitution is likely to lead to an appropriate choice as to whether or not D should be able to disgorge the proceeds of the judgment. Of course, the existence of a coherent law of restitution for unjust enrichment may be a relevant policy factor in some legal systems. But the contested nature -- some might say 'existence' -- of a coherent law of restitution for unjust enrichment in our legal systems and the extreme pliability of the terms it uses (mistake, absence of consideration/cause, failure of basis) (as demonstrated in the debate to date) makes it almost useless from my point of view in determining whether or not P should repay the proceeds of the judgment. Please pardon the sceptical nature of this contribution to the debate! Simon Evans. -- Dr Simon Evans Faculty of Law University of Melbourne VIC 3010 Phone: +61 3 9344 4751 Fax: +61 3 9347 2392 Email: s.evans@law.unimelb.edu.au WWW: http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au >From jsdoyon@sympatico.ca Thu Dec 02 04:32:30 1999 Received: from tomts1.bellnexxia.net ([209.226.175.139] helo=tomts1-srv.bellnexxia.net) by bagpuss.oucs.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.12 #1) id 11tNuw-000338-00 for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Thu, 2 Dec 1999 04:32:30 +0000 Received: from pentium-mmx ([206.172.181.96]) by tomts1-srv.bellnexxia.net (InterMail vM.4.01.02.07 201-229-116-107) with SMTP id <19991202043057.YSTU25413.tomts1-srv.bellnexxia.net@pentium-mmx> for ; Wed, 1 Dec 1999 23:30:57 -0500 Message-ID: <001801bf3c86$5f8e2aa0$60b5acce@pentium-mmx> From: "Richard Grenier" To: Subject: unsubscribed Date: Wed, 1 Dec 1999 23:30:39 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0015_01BF3C54.13DF8B80" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 4.72.3110.5 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V4.72.3110.3 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0015_01BF3C54.13DF8B80 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable unsubscribed ------=_NextPart_000_0015_01BF3C54.13DF8B80 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

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------=_NextPart_000_0015_01BF3C54.13DF8B80-- >From A.M.Tettenborn@exeter.ac.uk Thu Dec 16 09:25:37 1999 Received: from hermes.ex.ac.uk ([144.173.6.14] helo=exeter.ac.uk) by bagpuss.oucs.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.12 #1) id 11yXAG-0005BV-00 for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Thu, 16 Dec 1999 09:25:36 +0000 Received: from pc0274.ex.ac.uk [144.173.75.19] by hermes via SMTP (JAA3465913); Thu, 16 Dec 1999 09:23:57 GMT Message-Id: <3.0.5.32.19991216092356.007c5650@pop.ex.ac.uk> X-Sender: amtetten@pop.ex.ac.uk (Unverified) X-Mailer: QUALCOMM Windows Eudora Light Version 3.0.5 (32) Date: Thu, 16 Dec 1999 09:23:56 +0000 To: restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk From: Andrew Tettenborn Subject: change of position Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" A predictable, but still noteworthy, decision from Harrison J. a few weeks ago. I decide to cash in a life policy: I ask the company how much they'll give me: they give me a figure. I accept that figure; they pay me. They then find the figure was wholly excessive because of their accounting cock-up. I've since spent part of the loot in such a way as to qualify for a change of position defence. I obviously have a defence as far as I have changed my position: but since there's also a representation by the company can I rely on Avon v Howlett to hang onto the lot? No: quite unconscionable to use estoppel that way, says Harrison J, and since Lipkin Gorman Avon v Howlett requires no such response. See Scottish Equitable v Derby, unrep (I think) 30/9/99. On casetrack. AT Andrew Tettenborn MA LLB Bracton Professor of Law Tel: 01392-263189 / +44-392-263189 (international) Fax: 01392-263196 / +44-392-263196 (international) Personal Fax: 0870-1305721 / +44-870-1305721 (international) Snailmail: School of Law, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ England >From jeffrey.hackney@wadham.oxford.ac.uk Thu Dec 16 09:45:53 1999 Received: from oxmail2.ox.ac.uk ([163.1.2.1] helo=oxmail.ox.ac.uk) by bagpuss.oucs.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.12 #1) id 11yXTt-0005F2-00 for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Thu, 16 Dec 1999 09:45:53 +0000 Received: from heraldgate1.oucs.ox.ac.uk ([163.1.2.49] helo=frontend1.herald.ox.ac.uk ident=exim) by oxmail.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.10 #1) id 11yXS7-0006mS-00; Thu, 16 Dec 1999 09:44:03 +0000 Received: from hackney.wadham.ox.ac.uk ([163.1.164.14]) by frontend1.herald.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.02 #1) id 11yXS9-0001Bd-00; Thu, 16 Dec 1999 09:44:05 +0000 From: Jeffrey Hackney Date: Thu, 16 Dec 1999 09:43:05 +0000 To: restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk Subject: RDG: change of position Cc: Scottish@wadham.oxford.ac.uk Message-ID: Priority: NORMAL X-Mailer: Execmail for Win32 5.1 Build (9) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: Text/Plain; charset="us-ascii" There is a full report of this case dated 30.9.99 on New Law Online. Jeffrey Hackney --- A predictable, but still noteworthy, decision from Harrison J. a few weeks ago. I decide to cash in a life policy: I ask the company how much they'll give me: they give me a figure. I accept that figure; they pay me. They then find the figure was wholly excessive because of their accounting cock-up. I've since spent part of the loot in such a way as to qualify for a change of position defence. I obviously have a defence as far as I have changed my position: but since there's also a representation by the company can I rely on Avon v Howlett to hang onto the lot? No: quite unconscionable to use estoppel that way, says Harrison J, and since Lipkin Gorman Avon v Howlett requires no such response. See Scottish Equitable v Derby, unrep (I think) 30/9/99. On casetrack. AT Andrew Tettenborn MA LLB Bracton Professor of Law Tel: 01392-263189 / +44-392-263189 (international) Fax: 01392-263196 / +44-392-263196 (international) Personal Fax: 0870-1305721 / +44-870-1305721 (international) Snailmail: School of Law, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ England ________________________________________________________________________________ This message was delivered through the Restitution Discussion Group, an international internet LISTSERV devoted to all aspects of the law of unjust enrichment. To subscribe, send "subscribe restitution" in the body of a message to . To unsubscribe, send "unsubscribe restitution" to the same address. To make a posting to all group members, send to . The list is run by Lionel Smith of St. Hugh's College, Oxford, U.K., tel. (0)1865 274 966, email . --- End Forwarded Message --- ------------------- Jeffrey Hackney jeffrey.hackney@wadh.ox.ac.uk >From axelrod@andromeda.rutgers.edu Thu Dec 16 15:17:07 1999 Received: from andromeda.rutgers.edu ([128.6.10.4]) by bagpuss.oucs.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.12 #1) id 11yceR-00073Z-00 for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Thu, 16 Dec 1999 15:17:07 +0000 Received: from andromeda.rutgers.edu (nwk-law143.rutgers.edu [128.6.79.127]) by andromeda.rutgers.edu (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id KAA13748 for ; Thu, 16 Dec 1999 10:15:24 -0500 (EST) Message-ID: <38590066.8EB5A418@andromeda.rutgers.edu> Date: Thu, 16 Dec 1999 10:08:22 -0500 From: Allan Axelrod X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.7 [en] (Win95; I) X-Accept-Language: en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: restitution Subject: Weird News - January 7, 1998 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------6D905A8F76B4FEDB5C8291CE" This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------6D905A8F76B4FEDB5C8291CE Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit file:///C|/WP51/Courses/weird.htm --------------6D905A8F76B4FEDB5C8291CE Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii; name="weird.htm" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Disposition: inline; filename="weird.htm" Weird News - January 7, 1998

A world of weird news
Weird News

January 7, 1998

Casino bonanza was anything but

T. CATHARINES, Ont. (CP) - Samir Anz must have thought he'd hit the jackpot. Anz, 47, won $800 at a Casino Niagara roulette table last February, but the dealer mistakenly dished out a stack of chips worth $3,200.

By the time the dealer realized the mistake and alerted supervisors, Anz was in another part of the casino in nearby Niagara Falls.

He wasn't found for three hours - by which time he'd lost the extra $2,400 at a blackjack table.

Even though the extra chips weren't cashed in and were back in the casino's possession, management asked Anz to pay back $2,400. When he failed to do so the next day, he was charged with theft.

Anz pleaded guilty to theft last September and on Monday was fined $700 and ordered to repay the $2,400 within a year. He is also banned from attending any casino in Ontario for one year.

Crown attorney Michael Quinn said there's a common misconception that a person is entitled to keep the extra cash if a casino dealer makes an error.

"A lot of people might think it's the casino's tough luck if they make a mistake, but by law you can't take money if you know it doesn't belong to you," he said.

It's the same as if a bank mistakenly puts too much money in your account, Quinn said. "That doesn't give you the right to go out and spend it."

PREVIOUS WEIRDNESS

JANUARY 1998:
Suspected drunk driver was biting mad - Jan. 6
Selective memory is key to wedded bliss and Cell phone becomes canine snack - Jan. 3 - 5
Psychics strike out, again, on 1997 predictions - Jan. 2
DECEMBER1997:
Indian eunuchs party down to honor leader - Dec. 31 - Jan. 1

Front Page | Speak Out | Search | News | Contents

--------------6D905A8F76B4FEDB5C8291CE-- >From gordon.goldberg@buckingham.ac.uk Fri Dec 24 18:23:19 1999 Received: from gila.buckingham.ac.uk ([195.194.186.227]) by bagpuss.oucs.ox.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 2.12 #1) id 121ZMz-00001U-00 for restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk; Fri, 24 Dec 1999 18:23:17 +0000 Received: from STF-LAW009 ([194.66.205.169]) by gila.buckingham.ac.uk with SMTP (Microsoft Exchange Internet Mail Service Version 5.5.2650.21) id ZKYSGB4N; Fri, 24 Dec 1999 18:23:33 -0000 Message-ID: <001601bf4e3b$1ee0f700$a9cd42c2@stf-law009.buckingham.ac.uk> From: "Gordon Goldberg" To: Cc: Subject: the classification of restitution claims Date: Fri, 24 Dec 1999 18:17:21 -0000 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0012_01BF4E3B.1EBC5800" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 4.72.3612.1700 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V4.72.3612.1700 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0012_01BF4E3B.1EBC5800 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_001_0013_01BF4E3B.1EBDDEA0" ------=_NextPart_001_0013_01BF4E3B.1EBDDEA0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable I beg your pardon for the delay in responding to you; but I have been = distracted by the marking of examination scripts and seasonal = festivities. My rejoinder is attached. It is a "Word Document". Merry = Xmas. -----Original Message----- From: Neyers, Jason (JUS) To: 'restitution@maillist.ox.ac.uk' Cc: 'Gordon Goldberg' Date: 26 November 1999 15:31 Subject: RDG: RE: the classification of restitution claims 1) What is wrong with "generalization and simplism"? Shouldn't we be striving for the simplest and most coherent explanation of the = phenomenon in question (a scientific measure of the best explanation)? In this case, = the phenomenon being the common law rules that are not considered part of contract or tort. =20 2) Where does the "generalization and simplism" (and coherence) of the Canadian formulation leads us astray? If you are using the Westdeutsche case as an example, I do not think that you have proved your point. If = you are correct about cases like Westdeutsche and there is a legislative = norm in the some Act that prohibits the return of any money paid, then clearly = the case is wrongly decided. This does not mean that the principle of UE is incorrect. Nothing in the Canadian formulation instructs judges to = give money back if the legislator demands that the judge do otherwise! In = fact, one could say that the clear statutory norm is a juristic reason = justifying the deprivation. In order to prove your point, you are going to need a better set of facts to show the principle wrong.=20 3) At the end, you say that no legal system can digest concepts that are fundamentally alien to it. Fair enough. But is unjust enrichment fundamentally alien to the common law? Which ancient principle (such as = the two-part division of property into equitable and legal titles) does the principle of unjust enrichment infringe upon? Also, at what point do = you draw the line to say what is alien or not? At 1950, 1900, the Judicature Acts, 1800, 1300? In some senses, the unifying ideas of fault and = contract and the principled reasoning of Donoghue v. Stevenson are alien to the = older common law of the forms of action, divided court structure, and specific pleading. Why should the evolution of the common law be stymied and = frozen in 1999 and anything not included said to be alien? What would the = common law be like if someone had done this is 1920? ------=_NextPart_001_0013_01BF4E3B.1EBDDEA0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

I beg your pardon for the delay in = responding to=20 you; but I have been distracted by the marking of examination scripts = and=20 seasonal festivities. My rejoinder is attached. It is a "Word=20 Document". Merry Xmas.
-----Original Message-----
From: = Neyers, Jason=20 (JUS) <Jason.Neyers@jus.gov.on.ca= >
To:=20 'restitution@maillist.ox.= ac.uk'=20 <restitution@maillist.ox.ac.= uk>
Cc:=20 'Gordon Goldberg' <gordon.goldberg@buck.ac.uk= >
Date:=20 26 November 1999 15:31
Subject: RDG: RE: the classification of = restitution=20 claims
 
1) What is wrong with "generalization and=20 simplism"?  Shouldn't we be
striving for the simplest and = most=20 coherent explanation of the phenomenon in
question (a scientific = measure of=20 the best explanation)? In this case, the
phenomenon being the common = law=20 rules that are not considered part of
contract or tort.  =

2)=20 Where does the "generalization and simplism" (and coherence) = of=20 the
Canadian formulation leads us astray?  If you are using the=20 Westdeutsche
case as an example, I do not think that you have proved = your=20 point.  If you
are correct about cases like Westdeutsche and = there is a=20 legislative norm in
the some Act that prohibits the return of any = money paid,=20 then clearly the
case is wrongly decided. This does not mean that the = principle of UE is
incorrect.   Nothing in the Canadian = formulation=20 instructs judges to give
money back if the legislator demands that = the judge=20 do otherwise! In fact,
one could say that the clear statutory norm is = a=20 juristic reason justifying
the deprivation. In order to prove your = point, you=20 are going to need a
better set of facts to show the principle wrong.=20

3) At the end, you say that no legal system can digest concepts=20 that
are fundamentally alien to it.  Fair enough.  But is = unjust=20 enrichment
fundamentally alien to the common law?  Which ancient = principle (such as the
two-part division of property into equitable = and legal=20 titles) does the
principle of unjust enrichment infringe upon?  = Also, at=20 what point do you
draw the line to say what is alien or not? At 1950, = 1900,=20 the Judicature
Acts, 1800, 1300?  In some senses, the unifying = ideas of=20 fault and contract
and the principled reasoning of Donoghue v. = Stevenson are=20 alien to the older
common law of the forms of action, divided court=20 structure, and specific
pleading.  Why should the evolution of = the=20 common law be stymied and frozen
in 1999 and anything not included = said to be=20 alien?   What would the common
law be like if someone had = done this=20 is 1920?
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